Branchless Programming
Modern processors have very deep pipelines, making branch mispredictions costly. Compilers are pretty good at removing branches but not perfect at it. Here's a list of interesting things I've read on "branchless" programming:
- Branchless programming, an article
 - Branchless Programming, a Github repo
 - A loopless and branchless 
O(1)algorithm to generate the nextDyck word - Branchless Equivalents of Simple Functions
 - Branchless Rust
 - Branchless Conditionals (Compiler Optimization Technique)
 - Making Code Faster: Taming Branches
 - Chess Programming Wiki: Avoiding Branches
 
The Chess Programming wiki is probably the most obsessive piece in this list with additional references around the internet. I mean this in a good way. Chess folks do some of the most unusual high-performance programming around.